1. What are the key outputs of the plan Quality Management Process
- Quality Management Plan
- Quality Metrics
- Updates to project management plan and project documents
2. What are the key output of the Manage Quality Process
- Test and Evaluation Documents
- Quality Reports
- Change Reports
- Updates to project management plan and project documents
3. What are the key outputs of the Control Quality Process
- Quality control measurements
- Validated Changes
- Work Performance information
- Updates to project management plan and project documents
- Change Requests
- Verified Deliverables
4. What is the definition of Quality
The degree to which the project fulfills requirements.
5. How does quality differ from grade
Quality is the degree to which the project (deliverables) fulfills requirements, whereas grade refers to a general category or classification of a deliverable or resource that indicates a common function but varying technical specifications.
6. What does gold plating mean
Adding extra items and services to customer deliverables that do not necessarily contribute added value to quality.
7. What does continuous improvement involve
Continuous improvement involves continuously looking for ways to improve the quality of work processes and results.
8. How much inventory is maintained in a just-in-time (JIT) environment and how does this affect attention to quality
Little inventory is maintained, and it forces attention to quality as well as schedule
9. Who has the responsibility of the quality on a project
Although the team members must inspect their own work, the project manager has the ultimate responsibility for quality.
10. What are Quality Metrics
Specific measures of quality that the PM uses to determine how the project is performing.
11. What does mutual exclusivity means
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur in a single trial (Ex flipping a coin once cannot result in both a head and a tail)
12. In what form is probability usually expressed
As a decimal or a fraction
13. What is the normal distribution curve
A bell-shaped frequency distribution curve is used to measure variation. This is the most common probability density distribution chart.
14. What is statistical independence
The probability of one event occurring does not affect the probability of another event occurring (Ex the probability of rolling a six on a die is statistically independent from the probability of getting five on the next roll)
15. What does sigma signify in a process and what is another name for sigma
It is a measure of how far you are from the mean (not the median). Standard Deviation.
16. What are some tools and techniques that are used in the quality management
- Interviews
- Meetings
- Flowcharts
- Brainstorming and Benchmarking
- Decision-Making
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Cost of Quality (COQ)
- Logical Data Models
- Mind Mapping
- Matric Diagrams
- Test and Inspection planning
17. Define Benchmarking (measuring Quality)
Comparing your projects to other projects or Organizations to establish quality metrics, acceptable variance ranges and measure quality.
18. Define Cost-benefit Analysis
Comparing the costs of an effort to the benefits of that effort
19. What does the cost of quality do
Ensures the project is not spending too much to achieve a particular level of quality.
20. What is the cost of nonconformance associated with
Cost of nonconformance associated with poor quality.
21. Which should be greater, the cost of conformance or nonconformance
The cost of conformance should be less than the cost of nonconformance
22. What is the logical data model
It contains the description of the quality needs of the project and is used to understand the requirements, clarify business rules, and define processes.
23. What does the flowchart show
How the process or system flows from beginning to end, how the elements interrelate, alternative paths the process can take and how the process translates inputs into outputs
24. What is the purpose of test and inspection planning
For the team to determine how it will confirm that the required level of quality has been achieved in the completion of project deliverables and how the deliverable will be evaluated for performance and reliability
25. What are some of the tools and techniques used in the manage quality process
- Checklists
- Process analysis
- Root cause analysis
- Flowcharts
- Problem-Solving
- Cause and effect diagrams.
- Histograms
- Scatter diagrams
- Document analysis
- Alternatives analysis
- Multicriteria decision analysis
- Affinity Diagrams
- Audits
- Design for X
26. What is the design of the experiments
A technique that allows you to systematically change the important factors in a process and see which combination has an optimal impact on the project deliverables.
27. What is the purpose of failure analysis
It analyses failed components of deliverables or failed processes to determine what led to that failure.
28. What is the cause-and-effect diagram
A graphical tool that helps determine the possible root causes of a problem.
It is also called a fishbone, Ishikawa, or why-why diagram.
29. Name some control quality tools and technique
- Checklists and Checksheets
- Statistical Sampling
- Questionaries and surveys
- Performance reviews
- Root cause analysis
- Inspection
- Control charts
- Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
- Histograms
- Scatter Diagrams
- Meetings
30. How does a checksheet differ from the quality checklist
A checksheet is to keep track of data whereas a checklist is used to determine if all required features and functions are included and that they meet acceptance criteria.
31. What is statistical Sampling
Inspecting by testing only part of the population (A statistically valid sample)
32. What is a control chart and what are control limits
- Control charts are used in control quality to help determine if the results of a process are within acceptable limits.
- Control limits are the acceptable range of variation on a control chart.
33. What are the specification limits and mean on a control chart
Specification limit – The customer’s expectations or contractual requirements for the performance and quality of the project
Mean – The average, the middle of the range of acceptable variation.
34. How do we define a process as statistically out of control and what does out of control mean
- A data point falls outside the upper or lower control limit.
- There are non-random data points; these may be within the upper and lower control limits.
35. What is the rule of seven and what does it signify
It refers to a group or series of non-random data points that total seven on one side of the mean. The rule of seven tells you that although none of these points are outside of the control limits, they are not random and process it out of control.
36. What is the assignable cause / special cause variation
An assignable cause or special cause variation signifies that a process is out of control.
If there is an assignable cause or special cause variation, it means a data point or a series of data points requires investigation to determine that cause of the variation.
37. What is a Pareto chart
A histogram that arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problems.
38. What does the scatter diagram show
The relationship between two variables and the quality of results
39. What term describes how discovering quality issues early may decrease cost and rework that can impact a project
Cost of Change
40. On agile and hybrid projects how does getting feedback on small increments of work as soon as possible help the project manager evaluate when there is an issue with quality
Learning about quality issues early when they are usually still small and minor, allows them to be corrected while they are still low on the cost of the change curve.
41. What is frequent verification and validation
Regular testing checkpoints and reviews are used in Agile to address issues.
42. What is retrospective
A meeting that may be helpful after a release or even the entire project. However, this term most often refers to the meeting that is held at the end of each short, time-boxed iteration of product development
43. What is the difference between lead and cycle time
Lead time is a tool that can be used to help identify and diagnose problems. This concept measures how long something takes to go through an entire process.
Cycle time is a subset of lead time and measures how long something takes to go through just a part of the process.
44. Define WIP and throughput and how they can be used to calculate cycle time
Work In Progress – How many things you are working on but have not finished yet.
Throughput is the amount of work that can be processed through a system in a given amount of time, such as the amount of work that a team can get done in one iteration.
Cycle time is the function of WIP and throughput and can be calculated by using the formula.
Cycle Time = WIP/Throughput
45. What is defect cycle time and what does it indicate
Defect cycle time is the period between the time the defect was introduced and the time it was fixed.
The length if the defect cycle time dictates how far up the cost of change graph the defect will go.
46. Why is it important to create a safe and open environment
Creating a safe and open environment will help the project team feel comfortable not just to do their work but to admit their problems, failures, and mistakes and ask for help so that the project can recover as quickly as possible